- For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation)
Kashmiri (เคเฅเคถเฅเคฐ, ฺฉูฒุดูุฑ Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated mostly in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India.[Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.][Kashmiri Literature. Kashmir Sabha, Kolkata. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.][Kashmiri Language: Roots, Evolution and Affinity. Kashmiri Overseas Association, Inc. (KOA). Retrieved on 2007-06-02.] It has about 4,611,000 speakers: 4,391,000 of whom reside in India and 105,000 of whom reside in Pakistan.[Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.] While Kashmiri belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages it is sometimes placed in a geographical sub-grouping called Dardic.[Kashmiri language. Encyclopรฆdia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.] It is one of the 23 scheduled languages of India.[Scheduled Languages of India. Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.]
It is a V2 word order language. Kashmiri has remained a spoken language up to the present times, though some manuscripts were written in the past in the Sharada script, and then in Perso-Arabic script. Currently, Kashmiri is written in either the Perso-Arabic script (with some modifications) or the Devanagari script. Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is practically unique, in that it regularly indicates all vowel sounds [Daniels & Bright (1996). The World\'s Writing Systems, 753-754. ]
Kashmiri is the state official language of Jammu and Kashmir and also one of the national languages of India. Some Kashmiri speakers use English or Urdu as a second language.[Kashmiri: A language of India. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2007-06-02.] In the past few decades, Kashmiri was introduced as a subject at the university and the colleges of the valley. At present, attempts are on for inclusion of Kashmiri in school curriculum.
In 1919 George Abraham Grierson wrote that โKashmiri is the only one of the Dardic languages that has a literatureโ. Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, this is, more-or-less, the age of many a modern literature including English.
There are two online newspapers in Kashmiri Koshur Akhbar and Sangarmal.
See also
External links
- Grierson, George Abraham. A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1932.
- Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri by Ashok K KoulDelhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies,2008.
- Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri by Omkar N Koul New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1977.
- Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics edited by Omkar N Koul and Peter Edwin Hook New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1984.
- Kashmir history & Culture
- An Intensive Course in Kashmiri by Omkar N Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1985.
- An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri by Omkar N. Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1994.
- Kashmiri: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar by Kashi Wali and Omkar N Koul London: Routledge 1997.
- Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners by Omkar N. Koul, S. N. Raina and R. K. Bhat Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2000.
- Modern Kashmiri Grammar by Omkar N Koul and Kashi Wali Springfield: Dunwoody Press, 2006.
- Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course by Omkar N. Koul Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies, 2006.
- A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs by Omkar N. Koul Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies, 2006.
- A Course in Kashmiri Language by Roop Krishen Bhat Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies, 2007.
- Kashmiri: A Grammatical Sketch by Omkar N. Koul
- Personal names in Kashmiri by Omkar N. Koul
- Studies in Kashmiri Linguistics by Omkar N. Koul
- Reduplication in Kashmiri by Omkar N. Koul
- Kashmiri Language, Linguistics and Culture: An Annotated Bibliography by Omkar N. Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2000.
- Topics in Kashmiri Linguistics edited by Omkar N. Koul and Kashi Wali New Delhi: Creative, 2002.
- Kashmiri Language and Society by Omkar N. Koul
- Modes of Address in Kashmiri by Omkar N. Koul
- Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri by Omkar N. Koul
- Ethnologue entry for Kashmiri
- Kashmiri Newz
- An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
- Kashmiri Songs
- Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kasmiri
- Basic words and phrases in Kashmiri language
- Kashmiri literary magazine
- Kashmiri online newspaper
- Kashmiri
- Apharwat - a Kashmiri literary blog
- Muzaffar Aazim - A contemporary Kashmiri writer
- A sampling of Wanawun - Search For \'Wanawun\' Kashmiri folk chorus
- Gulmarg - A collection of Kashmir Views, original poetry and information
- Kashmiri Alphabet
| Indo-Iranian languages |
|---|
| Indic (Indo-Aryan) |
| Old |
Sanskrit (Vedic, Classical) ยท (Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni) |
| Middle |
Abahatta ยท Apabhramsha ยท Dramatic Prakrits (Magadhi, Maharashtri, Sauraseni) ยท Elu ยท Gฤndhฤrฤซ ยท Jain ยท Paisaci ยท Pฤli ยท Prakrit |
| Modern |
| Central |
Dhanwar ยท Hin i (Dialects: Awadhi, Bagheli, Bambaiya Hindi, Brij Bhasha, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Fiji Hindi, Haryanvi, Kannauji, Sansiboli, Early forms: Sadhukaddi) ยท Urdu (Dialect: Dakhni, Early forms: Rekhta) |
| Eastern |
Angika ยท Assamese ยท Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) ยท Bhojpuri ยท Bishnupriya Manipuri ยท Chakma ยท Halbi ยท Hajong ยท Kayort ยท Kharia Thar ยท Magahi ยท Maithili ยท Majhi ยท Mal Paharia ยท Nahari ยท Oriya ยท Rajbangsi ยท Rohingya ยท Sadri |
Northern
(Pahari) |
Garhwali ยท Kumaoni ยท Nepali (Dialect: Palpa) ยท Pothohari |
| Northwestern |
Aer ยท Derawali ยท Dogri ยท Hindko ยท Kangri ยท Kutchi ยท Punjabi (West Punjabi Dialects: Saraiki) ยท Sindhi |
| Southern |
Dhivehi ยท Konkani ยท Mahal ยท Marathi ยท Sinhala |
| Western |
Bhil (Varieties: Bhili, Gamit) ยท Domari ยท Gujarati ยท Parkari Koli ยท Khandeshi ยท Nahali ยท Rajasthani (Varieties: Bagri, Goaria, Gojri, Jaipuri, Malvi, Marwari, Mewari; Sociolect: Dhatki) ยท Romani ยท Saurashtra |
|
|
|---|
| Iranian |
| Old |
|
| Middle |
|
| Modern |
| Western |
Old Azariโ ยท Baluchi ยท Bashkardi ยท Caspian ยท Central Iran ยท Dari (Zoroastrian) ยท Fars ยท Gilaki ยท Gorani ยท Harzani ยท Juhuri ยท Kumzari ยท Kurdish (Dialects: Kermanshahi, Kurmanji, Sorani) ยท Laki ยท Luri ยท Bakhtiari Lori ยท Mazandarani (Dialect: Gorgani) ยท Ormuri ยท Sangiseri ยท Parachi ยท Persian (Varieties: Aimaq, Bukhori, Dari, Dehwari, Dzhidi, Hazaragi, Iranian Persian, Judeo-Shirazi, Khuzestani, Larestani, Tajik) ยท Semnani ยท Taleshi ยท Tajik ยท Tat ยท Tati ยท Zazaki |
| Eastern |
Bartangi ยท Hindukush Group ยท Ishkashmi ยท Karakoram Group ยท Khufi ยท Munji ยท Oroshori ยท Ossetic ยท Pashto ยท Sanglechi ยท Pamir (Ishkashimi, Munji, Roshani (Roshni), Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi, Yazgulami, Yidgha) ยท Vanjiโ ยท Waziri ยท Yaghnobi ยท Zebaki |
| Unclassified |
Tangshewi |
|
|
|---|
| Others | |
|---|
| Legend: โ Extinct language (no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant) |
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia |
yes - 71.74%
no - 28.26%